Athenian College as depicted by Raphael 16th century CE
c465 ANAXAGORAS of Clazomenae (c500-428 BCE) Greek Ionian philosopher who teaches at Athens. He is the teacher of Euripides, Pericles and possibly Socrates. Anaxagoras believes that all matter is composed of ‘seeds’ or minute particles. He explains the true nature of eclipses. Towards the end of his life Anaxagoras will be exiled from Athens for his ‘impious’ teaching that the sun is a white-hot stone and the moon to be composed of earth and merely reflected the sun’s rays rather than having a light of its own. Anaxagoras believes that matter is infinitely divisible; that any piece of matter, regardless of how small it is, contains portions of all kinds of matter; he believes that order is produced from chaos by an intelligent principle. Anaxagoras posited that the universe is constituted of an infinite number of minute, qualitatively different seeds moved by a transcendent primordial Mind known as ‘Nous’. (12.19.114)
c460 EMPEDOCLES (c490-430 BCE) Greek philosopher and poet, born at Acragas, Sicily. He writes ‘On Nature’, a work in which he agreed with Parmenides that there could be no absolute coming into exist or ceasing to exist; that all change in the world is the result of two contrary cosmic forces, ‘Love and Strife’. These forces separate and mix to create four everlasting elements, Earth, Water, Air and Fire. This doctrine of four elements will become central to Western thought for 2000 years through its adoption by Aristotle. (6) Much of Empedocles work derives from ancient Orphic sources. (6.162)
c455 SOPHOCLES (496-406 BCE) a Greek playwright of genius whose tragedies are destined to become looked upon as the high point in Attic drama. His play ‘Oedipus Rex’ is one of the most influential plays ever written and records a powerful conjunction of character and destiny. The relentless recognition of hidden truth, in this work, its paradoxes of human knowledge and ignorance, will provide Aristotle [361 BCE) with his model tragic plot of his ‘Poetics’. Far into the future, the work ‘Oedipus Rex’ will be the inspiration for Sigmund Freud to write, ‘The Interpretation of Dreams’ (1900 CE) a work which will give a mythic prototype for Sigmund’s ‘Oedipus’ complex, and a central feature of the future millennium of 20th century psychoanalytic theory. (102)
Oedipus. Painted by Giroust 18C CE
c454 HERODOTUS (b.c.484 BCE) known as the father of factual history. A Greek born in Asia Minor, he is a great traveller of the known world of his time. He will be remembered in the future as being an authority on the ancient Persian wars and which archaeological research will eventually confirm. Herodotus gives much information on the customs and practices of the Egyptians of his time. (6) Herodotus is the first major source of Egyptian history from antiquity. His works are based on the viewing of monuments and on interviews conducted. Herodotus said ‘the priests told me it was Men (Menes, meaning the first influx of light) who was the first king of Egypt. (49) Herodotus identifies the Egyptian god Thoth, with the Greek god Hermes. Many Greeks, such as Thales, Solon, and Pythagoras, will take initiation into the Egyptian Mysteries when on their travels to that land. In this way, the ancient knowledge will be transmitted on to the Hellenic world of Greece. (277)
c440 ICTINUS Greek architect, who with others, designs and builds the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. Ictinus is also architect of the ‘Temple of Apollo Epicurius’ at Bassae, Arcadia. This is the first appearance of Corinthian architecture. Ictinus also works on the ‘Telesterion’ or ‘Hall of Mysteries’ at Eleusis. (102)
c435 EURIPIDES (c484-406 BCE) youngest of the three great Greek tragedians, the other two being Aeschylus (480 BCE) and Sophocles (c455 BCE). Euripides’ world view reflects the political, social, and intellectual crises of late 5th-century Athens. (102)
Herodotus, historian & traveller.
2C CE Roman copy of earlier Greek bust.
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